can anybody give e a clue what FlyTampa plans for it's next masterpiece please?
maybe Anchorage, Hawaii or something else?
What's next?
- MidgeyMidget2
- Posts: 1235
Sleep is the natural state of bodily rest observed in humans and other animals. It is common to all mammals and birds, and is also seen in many reptiles, amphibians and fish. In humans, other mammals, and a substantial majority of other animals which have been studied, such as some species of fish, birds, ants and fruit-flies, regular sleep is essential for survival.
A widely publicized 2003 study performed at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine demonstrated that cognitive performance in humans declines with fewer than eight hours of sleep.[1] However, the purposes of sleep are only partly clear and are the subject of intense research.[2]Contents [hide]
1 Physiology
1.1 Stages
1.2 Timing
1.3 Optimal amount in humans
1.3.1 Adult
1.3.2 Hours by age
1.4 Sleep debt
2 Functions
2.1 Restoration
2.2 Anabolic/catabolic
2.3 Ontogenesis
2.4 Memory processing
2.5 Preservation
3 Dreaming
4 Effect of food and drink on sleep
4.1 Depressants
4.2 Stimulants
5 Causes of difficulty in sleeping
6 Anthropology of sleep
7 Sleep in non-humans
8 See also
8.1 Common sleeping positions, practices, and rituals
8.2 Other
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
[edit]
Physiology
In mammals and birds, sleep is divided into two broad types: Rapid Eye Movement (REM) and Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) or "Non-REM" sleep. Each type has a distinct set of associated physiological, neurological and psychological features.
Sleep proceeds in cycles of REM and the three stages of NREM, the order normally being:
stages N1 -> N2 -> N3 -> N2 -> REM.
Sleep cycles through the night with deep sleep early on and more REM, marked in red, toward morning
(Until recently, NREM was considered to include four stages and the cycle was N1 -> N2 -> N3 -> N4 -> N3 -> N2 -> REM; this system is still seen in reference works and diagrams.)
In humans each sleep cycle lasts on average 90 to 110 minutes,[3] with a greater amount of stage 3 (N3) early in the night and more REM later in the night. Each phase may have a distinct physiological function. Drugs such as sleeping pills and alcoholic beverages can suppress certain stages of sleep, leading to sleep deprivation[citation needed]. This can result in sleep that exhibits loss of consciousness but does not fulfill its physiological functions.
Stage 4 Sleep. EEG highlighted by red box.
REM sleep. EEG highlighted by red box. Eye movements highlighted by red line.
[edit]
Stages
Criteria for staging, or scoring the stages of sleep, have been changed several times. First described in 1937 by Loomis et al, the staging was changed in 1957 after the discovery of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, standardized in 1968 by Rechtschaffen & Kales (R&K) and most recently in 2007 in The AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events published by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM).[4] In addition to adding arousals and respiratory, cardiac, and movement events, the major change in 2007 was the elimination of Stage 4: in the R&K standard, the difference between Stages 3 and 4 (now combined as 3) was that delta waves made up less than 50% of the total wave-patterns in stage 3, while they were more than 50% in stage 4. The R&K standard included four stages of NREM sleep plus REM, sometimes referred to as "stage 5". The newer standard discontinues stage 4 sleep and leaves only stage 3 to describe deep sleep, also known as delta or slow-wave sleep.[5]
Sleep stages and other characteristics of sleep can be measured by polysomnography in a sleep laboratory using among other tools electroencephalography (EEG) for brain waves, electrooculography (EOG) for eye movements and electromyography (EMG) for activity of skeletal muscles.
Criteria for REM sleep include not only rapid eye movements but also rapid low voltage EEG, commonly called brain waves. In mammals at least, low muscle tone is also seen, often called paralysis. Most memorable dreaming occurs in this stage. REM sleep accounts for 20–25% of total sleep time in normal human adults; NREM (non-REM) accounting for the rest. In NREM sleep, there is relatively little dreaming. Non-REM encompasses three stages; stage 1 (N1), stage 2 (N2), and stage 3 (N3); N3 being referred to as 'deep sleep' or slow-wave sleep (SWS). Sleep stages are differentiated by brain waves, eyes movements, and skeletal muscle activity.
NREM consists of three stages according to the 2007 AASM standards:
During Stage N1 the brain transitions from alpha waves (having a frequency of 8 to 13 Hz, common to people who are awake) to theta waves (with a frequency of 4 to 7 Hz). This stage is sometimes referred to as somnolence, or "drowsy sleep". Associated with the onset of sleep during N1 may be sudden twitches and hypnic jerks also known as positive myoclonus. Some people may also experience hypnagogic hallucinations during this stage, which can be troublesome to them. During N1 the subject loses some muscle tone and most conscious awareness of the external environment.
Stage N2, is characterized by "sleep spindles" (12 to 16 Hz) and "K-complexes." During this stage, muscular activity as measured by EMG decreases and conscious awareness of the external environment disappears. This stage occupies 45 to 55% of total sleep in adults.
Stage N3, deep or slow-wave sleep (SWS), is characterized by delta waves, (0.5 to 4 Hz), also called delta rhythms. This is the stage in which such parasomnias as night terrors, bedwetting, sleepwalking and sleep-talking occur.
REM sleep and SWS sleep (previously stages 3 and 4, now combined as stage 3) are both homeostatically driven; that is, people and most animals selectively deprived of one of these stages will rebound once uninhibited sleep is allowed. This finding suggests that both types of sleep are essential.
[edit]
Timing
Sleep timing is controlled by the circadian clock, by homeostasis and in humans, within certain bounds, by willed behavior. The circadian clock, an inner time-keeping, temperature-fluctuating, enzyme-controlling device, works in tandem with adenosine, a neurotransmitter which inhibits many of the bodily processes that are associated with wakefulness. Adenosine is created over the course of the day; high levels of adenosine lead to sleepiness. In diurnal animals, sleepiness occurs as the circadian element causes the release of the hormone melatonin and a gradual decrease in core body temperature. The timing is affected by one's chronotype. It is the circadian rhythm which determines the ideal timing of a correctly structured and restorative sleep episode.[6]
Homeostatic sleep propensity, the need for sleep as a function of the amount of time elapsed since the last adequate sleep episode must be balanced against the circadian element for satisfactory sleep.[7] Along with corresponding messages from the circadian clock, this tells the body it needs to sleep.[8] Sleep offset, awakening, is primarily determined by circadian rhythm. A normal person who regularly awakens at an early hour will generally not be able to sleep much later than the person's normal waking time, even if moderately sleep deprived.
[edit]
Optimal amount in humans
[edit]
Adult
The optimal amount of sleep is not a meaningful concept unless the timing of that sleep is seen in relation to an individual's circadian rhythms. A person's major sleep episode is relatively inefficient and inadequate when it occurs at the "wrong" time of day. The timing is correct when the following two circadian markers occur after the middle of the sleep episode but before awakening:[9]
maximum concentration of the hormone melatonin, and
minimum core body temperature.
The National Sleep Foundation in the United States maintains that seven to nine hours of sleep for adult humans is optimal and that sufficient sleep benefits alertness, memory and problem solving, and overall health, as well as reducing the risk of accidents.[10] A widely publicized 2003 study[11] performed at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine demonstrated that cognitive performance declines with fewer than eight hours of sleep.
However, a University of California, San Diego psychiatry study of more than one million adults found that people who live the longest self-report sleeping for six to seven hours each night.[12] Another study of sleep duration and mortality risk in women showed similar results.[13] Other studies show that "sleeping more than 7 to 8 hours per day has been consistently associated with increased mortality", though this study suggests the cause is probably other factors such as depression and socio-economic status which would correlate statistically. [14] It has been suggested that the correlation between lower sleep hours and reduced morbidity only occurs with those who wake after less sleep naturally, rather than those who use an alarm.
A Kutchi woman sleeping
Researchers from the University of Warwick and University College London have found that lack of sleep can more than double the risk of death from cardiovascular disease, but that too much sleep can also double the risk of death.[15][16] Professor Francesco Cappuccio said: “Short sleep has been shown to be a risk factor for weight gain, hypertension and Type 2 diabetes sometimes leading to mortality but in contrast to the short sleep-mortality association it appears that no potential mechanisms by which long sleep could be associated with increased mortality have yet been investigated. Some candidate causes for this include depression, low socioeconomic status and cancer-related fatigue. [...] In terms of prevention, our findings indicate that consistently sleeping around 7 hours per night is optimal for health and a sustained reduction may predispose to ill-health.”
Furthermore, sleep difficulties are closely associated with psychiatric disorders such as depression, alcoholism and bipolar disorder. Up to 90% of patients with depression are found to have sleep difficulties.[citation needed]
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Short answer...no.
A widely publicized 2003 study performed at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine demonstrated that cognitive performance in humans declines with fewer than eight hours of sleep.[1] However, the purposes of sleep are only partly clear and are the subject of intense research.[2]Contents [hide]
1 Physiology
1.1 Stages
1.2 Timing
1.3 Optimal amount in humans
1.3.1 Adult
1.3.2 Hours by age
1.4 Sleep debt
2 Functions
2.1 Restoration
2.2 Anabolic/catabolic
2.3 Ontogenesis
2.4 Memory processing
2.5 Preservation
3 Dreaming
4 Effect of food and drink on sleep
4.1 Depressants
4.2 Stimulants
5 Causes of difficulty in sleeping
6 Anthropology of sleep
7 Sleep in non-humans
8 See also
8.1 Common sleeping positions, practices, and rituals
8.2 Other
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
[edit]
Physiology
In mammals and birds, sleep is divided into two broad types: Rapid Eye Movement (REM) and Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) or "Non-REM" sleep. Each type has a distinct set of associated physiological, neurological and psychological features.
Sleep proceeds in cycles of REM and the three stages of NREM, the order normally being:
stages N1 -> N2 -> N3 -> N2 -> REM.
Sleep cycles through the night with deep sleep early on and more REM, marked in red, toward morning
(Until recently, NREM was considered to include four stages and the cycle was N1 -> N2 -> N3 -> N4 -> N3 -> N2 -> REM; this system is still seen in reference works and diagrams.)
In humans each sleep cycle lasts on average 90 to 110 minutes,[3] with a greater amount of stage 3 (N3) early in the night and more REM later in the night. Each phase may have a distinct physiological function. Drugs such as sleeping pills and alcoholic beverages can suppress certain stages of sleep, leading to sleep deprivation[citation needed]. This can result in sleep that exhibits loss of consciousness but does not fulfill its physiological functions.
Stage 4 Sleep. EEG highlighted by red box.
REM sleep. EEG highlighted by red box. Eye movements highlighted by red line.
[edit]
Stages
Criteria for staging, or scoring the stages of sleep, have been changed several times. First described in 1937 by Loomis et al, the staging was changed in 1957 after the discovery of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, standardized in 1968 by Rechtschaffen & Kales (R&K) and most recently in 2007 in The AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events published by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM).[4] In addition to adding arousals and respiratory, cardiac, and movement events, the major change in 2007 was the elimination of Stage 4: in the R&K standard, the difference between Stages 3 and 4 (now combined as 3) was that delta waves made up less than 50% of the total wave-patterns in stage 3, while they were more than 50% in stage 4. The R&K standard included four stages of NREM sleep plus REM, sometimes referred to as "stage 5". The newer standard discontinues stage 4 sleep and leaves only stage 3 to describe deep sleep, also known as delta or slow-wave sleep.[5]
Sleep stages and other characteristics of sleep can be measured by polysomnography in a sleep laboratory using among other tools electroencephalography (EEG) for brain waves, electrooculography (EOG) for eye movements and electromyography (EMG) for activity of skeletal muscles.
Criteria for REM sleep include not only rapid eye movements but also rapid low voltage EEG, commonly called brain waves. In mammals at least, low muscle tone is also seen, often called paralysis. Most memorable dreaming occurs in this stage. REM sleep accounts for 20–25% of total sleep time in normal human adults; NREM (non-REM) accounting for the rest. In NREM sleep, there is relatively little dreaming. Non-REM encompasses three stages; stage 1 (N1), stage 2 (N2), and stage 3 (N3); N3 being referred to as 'deep sleep' or slow-wave sleep (SWS). Sleep stages are differentiated by brain waves, eyes movements, and skeletal muscle activity.
NREM consists of three stages according to the 2007 AASM standards:
During Stage N1 the brain transitions from alpha waves (having a frequency of 8 to 13 Hz, common to people who are awake) to theta waves (with a frequency of 4 to 7 Hz). This stage is sometimes referred to as somnolence, or "drowsy sleep". Associated with the onset of sleep during N1 may be sudden twitches and hypnic jerks also known as positive myoclonus. Some people may also experience hypnagogic hallucinations during this stage, which can be troublesome to them. During N1 the subject loses some muscle tone and most conscious awareness of the external environment.
Stage N2, is characterized by "sleep spindles" (12 to 16 Hz) and "K-complexes." During this stage, muscular activity as measured by EMG decreases and conscious awareness of the external environment disappears. This stage occupies 45 to 55% of total sleep in adults.
Stage N3, deep or slow-wave sleep (SWS), is characterized by delta waves, (0.5 to 4 Hz), also called delta rhythms. This is the stage in which such parasomnias as night terrors, bedwetting, sleepwalking and sleep-talking occur.
REM sleep and SWS sleep (previously stages 3 and 4, now combined as stage 3) are both homeostatically driven; that is, people and most animals selectively deprived of one of these stages will rebound once uninhibited sleep is allowed. This finding suggests that both types of sleep are essential.
[edit]
Timing
Sleep timing is controlled by the circadian clock, by homeostasis and in humans, within certain bounds, by willed behavior. The circadian clock, an inner time-keeping, temperature-fluctuating, enzyme-controlling device, works in tandem with adenosine, a neurotransmitter which inhibits many of the bodily processes that are associated with wakefulness. Adenosine is created over the course of the day; high levels of adenosine lead to sleepiness. In diurnal animals, sleepiness occurs as the circadian element causes the release of the hormone melatonin and a gradual decrease in core body temperature. The timing is affected by one's chronotype. It is the circadian rhythm which determines the ideal timing of a correctly structured and restorative sleep episode.[6]
Homeostatic sleep propensity, the need for sleep as a function of the amount of time elapsed since the last adequate sleep episode must be balanced against the circadian element for satisfactory sleep.[7] Along with corresponding messages from the circadian clock, this tells the body it needs to sleep.[8] Sleep offset, awakening, is primarily determined by circadian rhythm. A normal person who regularly awakens at an early hour will generally not be able to sleep much later than the person's normal waking time, even if moderately sleep deprived.
[edit]
Optimal amount in humans
[edit]
Adult
The optimal amount of sleep is not a meaningful concept unless the timing of that sleep is seen in relation to an individual's circadian rhythms. A person's major sleep episode is relatively inefficient and inadequate when it occurs at the "wrong" time of day. The timing is correct when the following two circadian markers occur after the middle of the sleep episode but before awakening:[9]
maximum concentration of the hormone melatonin, and
minimum core body temperature.
The National Sleep Foundation in the United States maintains that seven to nine hours of sleep for adult humans is optimal and that sufficient sleep benefits alertness, memory and problem solving, and overall health, as well as reducing the risk of accidents.[10] A widely publicized 2003 study[11] performed at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine demonstrated that cognitive performance declines with fewer than eight hours of sleep.
However, a University of California, San Diego psychiatry study of more than one million adults found that people who live the longest self-report sleeping for six to seven hours each night.[12] Another study of sleep duration and mortality risk in women showed similar results.[13] Other studies show that "sleeping more than 7 to 8 hours per day has been consistently associated with increased mortality", though this study suggests the cause is probably other factors such as depression and socio-economic status which would correlate statistically. [14] It has been suggested that the correlation between lower sleep hours and reduced morbidity only occurs with those who wake after less sleep naturally, rather than those who use an alarm.
A Kutchi woman sleeping
Researchers from the University of Warwick and University College London have found that lack of sleep can more than double the risk of death from cardiovascular disease, but that too much sleep can also double the risk of death.[15][16] Professor Francesco Cappuccio said: “Short sleep has been shown to be a risk factor for weight gain, hypertension and Type 2 diabetes sometimes leading to mortality but in contrast to the short sleep-mortality association it appears that no potential mechanisms by which long sleep could be associated with increased mortality have yet been investigated. Some candidate causes for this include depression, low socioeconomic status and cancer-related fatigue. [...] In terms of prevention, our findings indicate that consistently sleeping around 7 hours per night is optimal for health and a sustained reduction may predispose to ill-health.”
Furthermore, sleep difficulties are closely associated with psychiatric disorders such as depression, alcoholism and bipolar disorder. Up to 90% of patients with depression are found to have sleep difficulties.[citation needed]
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Short answer...no.
hello Mikkel!mikkelen wrote:Hi LOWW,
There is a rumor about Wien and Dubai, it's based on a listing at amazon. This could be a hint, as I've seen similar listings for aerosoft products earlier, and they have mostly been correct. future will show. it could also have nothing to do with reality:)
Best regards,
Mikkel
first of all thank you for your reply (it's the first serious one).
i asked only to get an idea of flyTampa's next scenery after KaiTak - that's all.. (i owe all previous releases of flyTampa's fantastic sceneries).
Aerosoft and others will only sell what FlyTampa has released, but i see one word of future products.
Hi LOWW,
First of all I would like to applogize for MidgeyMidget2 and his antics. There was no excuse whatsoever for him to do that. It was in bad taste and there is no room for that kind of tom foolery in this forum. And skydvdan did not help the matter by provoking the issue by rolling on the floor and laughing his ass off about it....
In regards to your concern, there was also some recently leaked information on a major FS site that the next releases from FlyTampa will be Pyongyang, Mogadishu, and Kabul . Some really great airports indeed!! Let's all keep an ear out and hopefully we can confirm this information soon!
Again, I applogize for other forum members implying that you are stupid for asking a stupid question that many stupid people ask on this forum quite often and don't bother checking if the stupid question has already been asked by another stupid idiot.
Again, sorry that they implied that to you. Because I would never do that.
BTW nice to see a girl in the forums! Welcome!!
Cheers!!
First of all I would like to applogize for MidgeyMidget2 and his antics. There was no excuse whatsoever for him to do that. It was in bad taste and there is no room for that kind of tom foolery in this forum. And skydvdan did not help the matter by provoking the issue by rolling on the floor and laughing his ass off about it....
In regards to your concern, there was also some recently leaked information on a major FS site that the next releases from FlyTampa will be Pyongyang, Mogadishu, and Kabul
. Some really great airports indeed!! Let's all keep an ear out and hopefully we can confirm this information soon!Again, I applogize for other forum members implying that you are stupid for asking a stupid question that many stupid people ask on this forum quite often and don't bother checking if the stupid question has already been asked by another stupid idiot.
Again, sorry that they implied that to you. Because I would never do that.
BTW nice to see a girl in the forums! Welcome!!
Cheers!!
"Pyongyang, Mogadishu, and Kabul"
I wonder how they got access to North Korea? Any of those airports would be very interesting indeed. Any link to the leak you are referring to, or should i suspect that your just another typica FlyTampa forum troll?
btw: any of you wonder why the news about new sceneries would arrive to this forum last?
I wonder how they got access to North Korea? Any of those airports would be very interesting indeed. Any link to the leak you are referring to, or should i suspect that your just another typica FlyTampa forum troll?
btw: any of you wonder why the news about new sceneries would arrive to this forum last?
Sorry but, yes. I am another typical FlyTampa forum troll...mikkelen wrote:"Pyongyang, Mogadishu, and Kabul"
I wonder how they got access to North Korea? Any of those airports would be very interesting indeed. Any link to the leak you are referring to, or should i suspect that your just another typica FlyTampa forum troll?
btw: any of you wonder why the news about new sceneries would arrive to this forum last?
I think they don't want to be botherd with us on their projects. FT devlopers will release whatever they want whenever they want and could care less about our opinions before hand. The only imput they want from us is if there are any issues with the products. When you have the best quality and framerate friendly senery for FS, you don't have to win over people. The software will do that itself... That's just how they operate. I thought they went belly up a long time ago but out of nowhere, VHHX came out! An airport and a whold damn city!!! No one saw that comming!! What a suprise! The next senery will be that way as well which I do think will be announced in about a month or two.
So don't bother asking... otherwise you will just get ripped on.
How do you figure that is a lead??mikkelen wrote:I think any serious developer would be rather uninterested in having anything to do with the climate at this forum.
Again, the best lead so far is the Dubai and Wien scenery. The listing at amazon came from somewhere.
And everything does come from somewhere. You are correct. $#!% comes out of my @$$ but that doesn't mean it's a lead on the next senery...If you belive that shit that comes out from your butt or mouth, who knows, has anything to do with flytampas next scenery, or that anyone else would think so, I belive you might have some kind of a problem that might be cured by Eli Lilly and friends.
http://www.zyprexa.com/index.jsp
Best regards,
Mikkelen
http://www.zyprexa.com/index.jsp
Best regards,
Mikkelen
mikkelen wrote:If you belive that shit that comes out from your butt or mouth, who knows, has anything to do with flytampas next scenery, or that anyone else would think so, I belive you might have some kind of a problem that might be cured by Eli Lilly and friends.
http://www.zyprexa.com/index.jsp
Best regards,
Mikkelen
- Attachments
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- fail2it9.jpg (92.53 KiB) Viewed 11074 times
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest...
What is your point, why bother? Can't you find a better place to spread poison? What about the forum of a political party you don't like, or maybe some of you flytampa forum guys could start your own forum themed on the special topic you are most found of?
That would be great for all parties!
BTW: That picture was a terrible attempt of an insult. If your into something, do it good atleast, even how pathetic it might be.
Best regards,
Mikkelen
What is your point, why bother? Can't you find a better place to spread poison? What about the forum of a political party you don't like, or maybe some of you flytampa forum guys could start your own forum themed on the special topic you are most found of?
That would be great for all parties!
BTW: That picture was a terrible attempt of an insult. If your into something, do it good atleast, even how pathetic it might be.
Best regards,
Mikkelen